Radiocesium transfer from Andosols to brown rice in the northern and northwest areas of Tochigi Prefecture,in the first 3 years following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident

ABSTRACT

Following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident of 2011, the potential for radiocesium transfer from contaminated soils, such as Andosols, to agricultural crops became a significant concern. Andosols account for up to 70％ of paddy soils in the northern and northwest areas of Tochigi Prefecture, where the radiocesium concentration is 1000 Bq kg^?1 or greater in the soil of some fields. The present study was carried out in order to determine the phytoavailability of radiocesium in Andosols by comparing it with that of gray lowland soils in the first 3 years following the accident. The transfer factor (TF) tended to be higher in Andosols than in gray lowland soils, leading to higher radiocesium concentrations in brown rice grown in Andosols. The exchangeable potassium (Ex-K₂O) in Andosols was highly and negatively correlated with TF, followed by clay. The Ex-K₂O value was positively correlated with the clay/total carbon (T-C) value, suggesting that a high T–C ratio could weaken K₂O adsorption on clay mineral sites; hence, the low clay/T-C values can partially explain the relatively large TF values of Andosols. Samples with Ex-K₂O contents less than 200 mg kg^?1 and with low clay/T-C values showed striking decreases in TF values from 2011 to 2012. However, the decrease from 2012 to 2013 was quite small; radiocesium in these samples was potentially available for rice uptake for a long time, likely due to the reversible adsorption and fixation characteristics of allophane. Most gray lowland soil samples showed very low TF values over the 3 years of the study, except for those with TF values greater than 0.1 due to low Ex-K₂O and clay contents; the geometric mean (GM) value of TF was below 0.01 in 2012. The extraction of exchangeable radiocesium (Ex-Cs) with a 1 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate solution may not be an appropriate method for explaining the variability in radiocesium TF in Andosols. This is because the Ex-Cs value was significantly correlated with Ex-K₂O in Andosols, but not in gray lowland soils, indicating that Ex-K₂O explained this variability in relation to Ex-Cs.     

基于RAPD标记的芸苔属蔬菜茎叶镉累积特性与耐性分析

应用RAPD技术分析13个小白菜和11个结球甘蓝品种的Cd累积特性与耐性的结果表明,8个随机引物中有5个引物扩增到31条多态性片段,大小在100～2000bp之间。聚类分析表明,茎叶Cd高累积的品种有聚集成丛的趋势;茎叶Cd含量与品种间相对遗传距离呈极显著的线性回归关系;遗传多样性则随着茎叶Cd含量的增加而升高;高、低Cd累积组间分子方差(AMOVA)也呈现显著差异。初步确认了与供试材料茎叶Cd高累积和耐性相关的2个RPAD标记:小白菜1个(350bp),结球甘蓝1个(410bp)。     

Assessment of sugar maple tree growth in relation to the partitioning of elements in xylem along a soil acidity gradient

Partitioning of elements in tree xylem is being increasingly studied, as it suggests that elements are potentially mobile within the xylem long after their uptake. A recent study revealed that only the most mobile xylem fraction (water-soluble) of base cations (calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], and potassium [K]) increased at higher soil acidity, while the two mobile fractions (water- and acid-soluble) of acidic metals—potentially phytotoxic aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn)—were significantly enhanced on very acid soils. The current paper presents an investigation of soil-wood chemistry relationships with basal area tree growth. It was hypothesized that the growth of sugar maple would be reduced by low base cation and high acidic metal concentrations in the xylem mobile fractions. Sugar maple trees (n = 55) from six watersheds in southern Quebec, Canada were analysed by sequential chemical extractions for the water-soluble, acid-soluble and residual fractions of base cations (Ca, K, Mg) and acidic metals (Al, Cd, Mn) in xylem. Generally, tree growth was positively correlated to concentrations of base cations in wood (ρ = 0.27-0.50) and soil (ρ = 0.41-0.67), and negatively correlated to concentrations of acidic metals in wood (ρ = −0.33 to −0.52) and soil (ρ = −0.67). However, these relations differed depending on the element fraction considered. Water- and acid-soluble xylem concentrations of base cations and Al were among the best predictors of growth trends (R² = 0.46-0.51). The relationship between acidic metals and tree growth is further discussed.     

Influence of Soil Particle Size on the Measurement of Sodium by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

This study evaluates the effect of soil particle size (SPS) on the measurement of exchangeable sodium (Na) (EXC-Na) by near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy. Three hundred thirty-two (n = 332) top soil samples (0–10 cm) were taken from different locations across Uruguay, analyzed by EXC-Na using emission spectrometry, and scanned in reflectance using a NIR spectrophotometer (1100–2500 nm). Partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) models between reference chemical data and NIR data were developed using cross validation (leaving one out). The coefficient of determination in calibration (R²) and the root mean square of the standard error of cross validation (RMSECV) for EXC-Na concentration were 0.44 (RMSECV: 0.12 mg kg^–1) for soil with small particle size (SPS-0.053) and 0.77 (RMSECV: 0.09 mg kg^–1) for soils with particle sizes greater than 0.212 mm (SPS-0.212), using the NIR region after second derivative as mathematical transformation. The R² and RMSECV for EXC-Na concentration using PCR were 0.54 (RMSECV: 0.07 mg kg^–1) and 0.80 (RMSECV: 0.03 mg kg^–1) for SPS-0.053 and SPS-0.212 samples, respectively.     

The effect of lime levels on the growth of beans and maize and nodulation of beans in three tropical acid soils

Abstract

A study to investigate the effect of lime on dry matter yield of maize (Zea mays) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and nodulation of beans grown in three tropical acid soils (two humic Nitosols and one humic Andosol) was carried out in a greenhouse. The soils ranged from 4.2 to 5.0 in pH; 1.74 to 4.56 in %C; 21.0 to 32.0 meq/100g in CEC; 5.10 to 8.10 meq/100g in exchange acidity; 0.60 to 3.20 meq/100g in exchangeable (exch.) Al and 0.13 to 0.67 meq/ 100g in exch. Mn.

Exchange acidity and exch. Al decreased with increasing levels of lime in the three soils. Exchangeable Al was reduced to virtually zero at pH 5.5 even in the soils which had appreciable initial amounts. Exchangeable Mn also decreased with increasing levels of lime in the two Nitolsos. Exceptional results, however, were obtained with the Andosol where exch. Mn increased ten‐fold with the first level of lime and then decreased with subsequent levels.

In all the soils, mean dry matter yield of beans and maize, and mean nodule dry weight of beans generally increased significantly with increasing lime levels up to pH value of 6.0. The dry matter yield of beans and maize, and nodule weight of beans, however, decreased progressively with increasing lime levels beyond pH 6.0 value. pH range of 5.5 to 6.0 was considered optimum for the growth of maize and beans, and nodulation of beans in these soils.     

Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)对克氏原螯虾幼虾的毒性效应研究

采用静水法生物测试,研究了Cu2+和Cd2+对克氏原螯虾幼虾(体重0.0142～0.0308g)的急性毒性作用。试验结果表明,克氏原螯虾对Cu2+、Cd2+均会产生较强的毒性效应,其对Cu2+、Cd2+的耐受性随接触时间延长而明显降低。Cu2+对克氏原螯虾幼虾24h、48h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为30.854mg/L、10.595mg/L;Cd2+对克氏原螯虾幼虾24h、48h、72h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为5.315mg/L、1.371mg/L和0.414mg/L。Cu2+、Cd2+对其的安全浓度(SC)分别为0.375mg/L、0.027mg/L,为相应渔业水质标准的3.8倍和5.5倍,表明克氏原螯虾具有较强耐受Cu2+和Cd2+污染的能力。     

广东沿岸牡蛎体Cd含量及时空分布特点

根据 198 9～ 1997年广东沿岸 12个采样点近江牡蛎 (CrassostrearivularisGould)体Cd的测定数据和有关历史资料 ,分析了广东沿岸牡蛎体Cd含量与时空分布特点。所有牡蛎体样品均检出Cd ,含量为( 0 .0 8～ 7.81)× 10 - 6,总平均值为 1.92× 10 - 6。粤东与粤西沿岸除个别样品外 ,绝大部分Cd含量均远低于评价标准 ,而珠江口沿岸样品的超标率则达到 2 5%。牡蛎体Cd含量的空间分布呈珠江口 >粤西 >粤东。1989～ 1997年 ,牡蛎体Cd含量的年际变化呈双峰分布 ,次高值和最高值分别出现在 1992年和 1995年 ,其余年份虽有波动 ,但无显著差异。     

小麦秸秆和小麦秸秆生物质炭对低质量浓度Cd~(2+)的吸附特性研究

针对再生水灌溉镉污染问题,研发新型低成本高效重金属吸附材料。以农业废弃小麦秸秆和小麦秸秆生物质炭为研究对象,研究了麦秆和小麦秸秆生物质炭对低质量浓度Cd~(2+)的吸附性能及影响因素。结果表明,麦秆和小麦秸秆生物质炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附特性符合Langmuir方程,且吸附作用主要发生在吸附开始的10 min,试验条件下,生物质炭对Cd~(2+)去除率达90%以上,麦秆对Cd~(2+)去除率为70%左右;pH值对麦秆吸附Cd~(2+)影响显著,对生物质炭吸附Cd~(2+)影响极显著,pH值为3~6时生物质炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附效果较好。温度显著影响麦秆对Cd~(2+)的吸附,温度对生物质炭吸附Cd~(2+)无显著影响,当吸附材料投加量大于0.5 g/L即固液比大于0.45 g/mg时,增大二者投加量对其吸附Cd~(2+)没有显著影响。     

外源硅钝化稻田土壤重金属Cd有效性及降低稻谷Cd含量研究

【目的】利用两种外源硅肥材料开展试验,研究外源硅对土壤重金属Cd有效性以及稻谷Cd含量的影响。【方法】以硅胶（分子式mSiO2.nH2O,含量98%以上）、液体硅肥（SiO2浓度≥23%）作为外源硅肥材料,通过在重金属镉Cd超标稻田土壤施用硅胶,在水稻分蘖期、孕穗期喷施液体硅肥,研究硅钝化稻田土壤重金属Cd有效性及降低稻谷Cd含量。【结果】施用硅胶达到100kg/667m2对降低土壤有效Cd含量有极显著效果,表明稻田施用硅胶可以钝化土壤重金属Cd有效性;施用硅胶达到100kg/667m2对降低稻谷Cd含量有显著效果,施用硅胶再配合喷施液体硅肥时,对降低稻谷Cd含量有极显著效果;施用硅胶、液体硅肥对提高稻谷产量有显著作用。【结论】基施硅胶配合喷施液体硅肥,对钝化土壤重金属Cd有效性,降低稻谷Cd含量,提高稻谷产量具有显著效果。     

杨树吸收富集矿山流域污染土壤重金属的研究

为探究杨树修复矿山流域重金属污染土壤的性能,选取安徽省铜陵市某矿山流域,对其中8个采样点内人工林美洲黑杨（Populus deltoides W. Bar-tram ex Marshall）和立地土壤进行取样,测定了土壤和杨树不同部位Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb和As的含量。参考农用地土地管控标准(GB15618—2018)可知,所有采样点土壤中Cd和Pb的含量均超过农用地风险筛选值;矿山和流域下游土壤中Cd、Pb和As的含量超过农用地土壤风险管控值,Zn和Cu的含量超过农用地风险筛选值。杨树在重金属不同污染程度上的立地土壤中均生长良好,表现出较强的耐受性。从8个样点重金属的平均富集系数（BCF）和转运系数（TF）来看,杨树对Cd的富集转运能力最强,平均BCF达到5.5,平均TF达到1.83,不同部位中树叶富集转运能力相对最强而树枝和树干最弱;对于其他重金属,除树叶Zn的平均BCF达到1.63外,杨树不同部位Pb、As、Zn和Cu的平均BCF均小于1,其中Pb和As的平均BCF均小于0.01,表现出极差的富集能力;杨树对Pb的平均TF小于1,对As、Zn和Cu的平均TF均大于1,在低富集能力水平下表现出较好的转运能力。因此,杨树可作为以Cd-Zn为主的重金属污染土壤的修复树种。